Bahasa merupakan alat komunikasi terlengkap bagi manusia yang dapat membedakan manusia dari makhluk lain. Bahasa diperoleh melalui upaya pembelajaran, baik dalam lingkup formal seperti sekolah maupun dalam lingkup tidak formal seperti keluarga atau masyarakat. Karena pentingnya bahasa bagi kehidupan manusia sebagai makhluk sosial, konsep bahasa dan pembelajaran bahasa berkembang sesuai dengan p…
Before linguistics began to have its own paradigms, studies on language had been made by using paradigms derived from other disciplines. Language was described from the view points of philosophy, mechanistic physics, and biology. The studies could not answer questions about what language really is. When linguistics finally had its own paradigms and established itself as an autonomous discipline…
Language contact in a bilingual or multilingual community can cause impacts on the development of the languages used by the community concerned. One of the impacts is language shift. Factors that are conducive to language shift are varied. One of these factors is language attitude. This article discusses a further impact that language shift itself can in turn cause, i.e., language death, its pr…
Students' final paper generally has a page containing a preface which, in terms of form and content, comprises an intact piece of discourse written with a narrative style. The number of paragraphs is in accordance with the contents and messages the writer delivers to the reader. The paragraphs are designed to contain what the writer wishes to express to certain respective parties: praises to Go…
This article is based on a research study focussing on correspondence among Proto Malay Polynesian (PMP, for short), the Yogyakarta Javanese dialect, and Indonesian. The research employed a top-down reconstruction analysis. The results of the analysis have indicated that PMP is reflected in the Yogyakarta Javanese dialect with the retention of the vowels/a/, /i/, /u/, and /e/ and the consona…
The Javanese spoken by its speech communities in East Java has characteristics different from those of the Javanese spoken by its speech communities in other regions of Java. The characteristics can be examined in terms of its word form and word choice in everyday utterances made by its speakers. The differences become more marked when one relates the utterances with the social-class background…
In their development, the languages referred to as Bahasa Indonesia (or BI, for short) and New Javanese (or NJ, for short) have absorbed a quantity of lexicon from Sanskrit. Much of the same lexicon has been absorbed from Sanskrit into BI and NJ. Granted that BI and NJ influence each other, perhaps BI has absorbed the Sanskrit lexicon from NJ or vice versa. However, referring to historical aspe…
Manuscripts of Javanese literary texts with a Christian nuance are difficult to obtain. Compared with the development of the Hindu, Buddhism, and Moslem traditions in Javanese literary culture, that of the Christian tradition is still relatively new. Only a few Javanese literary texts with a Christian nuance are assumed to be currently in existence. The writer has in hand a manuscript containin…
This article is about a study conducted to describe the Layang Mursada Pesisiran, one of the classical texts resulting from the development of coastal literary work. Layang Mursada Pesisiran, the subject of the study, was written (or, rather, copied from the original) in 1879 and published by Badan Pekerja Kongres Bahasa Jawa, a working body for a congress on the Javanese language. The manuscri…
Though the French avant garde poet Apollinaire is no longer alive, his masterpieces remain timeless and his influence on the world of literature and art are greatly felt. The way typographical poetry, which is a kind of visual poetry or calligram, is presented is extremely interesting and this article intends to describe the relation between the meaning of the words in the calligram and its pic…